Occupational
Balance is the individual’s perception of having the right amount of
occupations and the right variation between those occupations.
An example of occupational balance:
making equal time for family, work and leisure activities
Physical Development:
In
a person’s life, the peak time for vitality, strength and good health is in
their 20s and 30s. However, most
people’s performance starts to decline in their 30s and 40s.
General Physical
Development
·
Organ
functioning, reaction time, strength, motor skills, and sensorimotor
coordination are at their maximum
·
Muscle
strength, useful lung volume and cardiovascular function are at their peak
Status of Health
·
Less
likely to be overweight but still face obesity
·
Lack
of physical activity which creates bad habits when metabolism declines in the
future
·
The
highest cause of death for this age group is accidents
·
Use
of tobacco, alcohol and drugs
Mental Health
·
Stress-linked
diseases and psychiatric disorders (ex: schizophrenia and depression)
Sex and Sexuality
·
Fertility
o
Women’s
fertility declines after the age of 38 and ends with menopause
o
Men are
fertile from puberty to end of life
·
Sexually
Transmitted Diseases
o
HIV/AIDS
o
Chlamydia
o
Gonorrhea
o
Herpes
o
Syphilis
·
Development
of sexual identity (includes sexual orientation)
o
LGBTQ+
community
Physical Development
Balance Perspectives:
·
Young
adults need to pay attention to their diet and exercise even though they are in
the time period of highest vitality
·
Getting
sleep and avoiding drugs helps to maintain a good balance of physical
development
Psychosocial/ Emotional
Development:
Erikson’s
6th Stage
·
Intimacy
vs. isolation—commitment to others vs. self-absorption
·
Virtue
is love—mutual devotion between partners who have chosen to share their lives,
have children and help those children achieve their own healthy development
Normative Stage Models
·
Does
a person’s personality change in typical ways at certain periods throughout the
lifespan?
·
In
order to find out, a person can do an in-depth interview, biographical
materials
·
Personality
changes have to do with personality goals, work and relationships
Costa and McCrae’s Five
Factor Model (OCEAN)
·
The
factors of OCEAN appear to be universal but do not necessarily apply to all
cultures because of all the differences
·
Open
to experience (experiment and embrace new ideas)
·
Conscientiousness
(focused on duty and responsibility)
·
Extraversion
(sociable and attention getting)
·
Agreeable
(people-oriented and open to others)
·
Neuroticism
(traits indicating emotional instability)
Timing-of-events model
·
When
do important life events typically occur in a person’s life? What happens if
they occur earlier or later than usual?
·
In
order to answer these questions, we use statistical studies, interviews and
questionnaires
·
Events
that happen not in time with typical life events can cause stress and affect
the way a young adults’ personality develops
Typological Models
·
Can
basic personality types be identified and how well can we use these personality
traits to predict the course of life?
·
In
this method, we apply interviews, clinical judgments, Q-sorts, behavior
ratings, and self-reports
·
From
childhood to adulthood, personality types tend to show consistency; however,
life events can alter personality
·
Personality
types include ego-resilient, overcontrolled, and undercontrolled
Psychosocial/Emotional
Developmental Balance:
·
Young
adults should keep a focus on themselves and their own world and their identity
in order to be balanced within the world
Cognitive Development:
·
Dialectal
thought—thought that seeks to integrate opposing or conflicting ideas and
observations
·
Postformal
thought—thought that is heavily contextualized and includes consideration of
not only logical but also social and interpersonal issues
·
Emotional
intelligence (EQ)—the term given to those aspects of the intellect that relate
to understanding others’ and one’s own emotions and emotional responses
·
Schaie’s
achieving period—use our intellectual abilities to pursue a career and to
choose a lifestyle
·
Erikson’s
intimacy versus isolation—for Erickson, a crisis is in young adulthood
characterized by the conflict between establishing a mutually satisfying
relationship with another person as opposed to failing to find such an intimate
relationship
·
Levinson’s
life structure—the overall pattern that underlies and unifies a person’s life
Cognitive Developmental
Balance:
· Young adults should strive to do things
that are intellectually stimulating and that are meaningful to them
o
College,
higher level classes, challenging jobs
Relationship
Development:
Relationships that are close are
extremely important to healthy adult development and these types of
relationships develop during the adult years.
These relationships include adult friendships, couple formation and
development, marriage, cohabitation, and even staying single.
Adult
Friendships
·
Friendships
are core aspects of adult life
·
Positive
emotional attachment, need fulfillment, and interdependence are key factors of
friendship
·
Lasting
adult friendships involve reciprocity and mutuality
Sternberg’s
Triangular Theory of Love
·
Romantic
love = intimacy + passion
·
Companionate
love = intimacy + decision/commitment
·
Fatuous
love = passion + decision/commitment
·
Consummate
love = intimacy + passion + decision/commitment
Choosing a Romantic Partner
·
Stimulus-value-role
theory—helps a person to decide whether or not a relationship is worthwhile
Arranged Marriages
·
Norm
in Asia, India and the Middle East
·
Usually
crafted with religious, cultural, or financial goals
Marriage and Cohabitation
·
90%
of US men and women marry at some point in their lives
·
marriage
customs are defined by culture
·
a
lot of couples are marrying later in their lives than previous decades
·
couples
start living together before marriage to test their compatibility and to save
money without having to live with their parents
·
shifts
cohabitation among the gay and lesbian population emphasize social changes in
the US
Family Life Cycle—effects on
the transition to parenthood
·
changes
in identity and inner life
o
self
changes and assumptions on how the family should work
·
shifts
in roles and relationships within a marriage
o
division
of labor between parents and lack of alone time
·
shifts
in generational roles and relationships
o
transition
affects grandparents as roles are renegotiated
·
changing
roles and relationships outside the family
o
mother
is most likely to assume more responsibility in child care and puts her career
on hold temporarily
·
new
parenting roles and relationships
o
couple
has to navigate responsibilities and make agreements on the family
·
Having
enough friends and loved ones
·
Find
reciprocal relationships (find people that care for you as much as you care for
them)
Career, Education and
Leisure Development:
The Occupational Cycle
·
unique
and filled with events and decisions
·
most
people have several jobs and can change jobs in midcareer
·
jobs
are becoming increasingly technical and require more schooling
·
Havinghurst
Model in Young Adulthood:
o
Acquiring
an identity as a worker
o
Becoming
a productive person
Havinghurst’s Developmental
Model of the Traditional One-Career Work Cycle
·
Identifying
with a worker (5-10yrs)
·
Acquiring
basic habits of industry (10-15yrs)
·
Acquiring
identity as a worker (15-25yrs)
·
Becoming
a productive person (25-40yrs)
·
Maintaining
productive society (40-70yrs)
·
Contemplating
a productive and responsible life (70+ yrs)
Holland’s Theory of Careers
·
Realistic—robust,
practical, physically strong and active, good motor skills
o
Ex:
carpenter
·
Investigative—introspective,
analytical, curious, task oriented
o
Ex:
medical technologist
·
Artistic—unconventional,
creative, introspective, independent
o
Ex:
Reporter
·
Social—sociable,
responsible, humanistic, sometimes religious
o
Ex:
public health nurse
·
Enterprising—high
verbal abilities, popular, self-confident, high energy
o
Ex:
realtor
·
Conventional—conscientious,
efficient, obedient, orderly
o
Ex:
secretary
Self as a Worker
·
Extrinsic
factors are motivating for boring work
o
External
factors drive this such as paychecks and bonuses
·
Intrinsic
factors are focus when the work you’re doing is meaningful
o
This
means the work is challenging, interesting and involves personal growth
Career, Education and
Leisure Developmental Balance
·
Seek
out resources of support and stress management (tied to relationship balance)
·
Do not
overwhelm yourself with an abundance of things to do
Conclusions of YA
Occupational Balance:
·
It’s
important to maintain balance within everything you do
·
Occupational
aspect between all factors of young adulthood (physical,
psychosocial/emotional, cognitive, relationship, and career/education/leisure)
helps the young adult to remain healthy throughout this period
References
Craig, G. J., & Dunn, W. L. (2010). Understanding
human development (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson
Education/Prentice Hall.
Johnson, C. Physical Development [PowerPoint
slides]. Retrieved from
Johnson, C. Personality and Sociocultural Development & Work, Education, &
Leisure [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from
Johnson, C. Physical and Cognitive Development [PowerPoint
slides]. Retrieved from
Wagman,
P., Hakansson, C., & Bjorklund, A. (2011, July 25). Occupational balance as
used in occupational therapy: A concept analysis. Retrieved October 04, 2016,
from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21780985
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